(The) G-protein coupled estrogen receptor in breast tumors positively associates with ERalpha, and constitutes a clinically significant genomic target of estrogen in breast cancer cells

Abstract

Estrogen exerts its effects on target cells, and tissues via genomic, and non-genomic pathways. The genomic effects of estrogen are mediated by the canonical estrogen receptors, namely ERα and ERβ. These are ligand-dependent transcription factors encoded by the ESR1 and ESR2 genes, respectively. The non-genomic effects of estrogen are mediated by membrane-tethered canonical estrogen receptors, ERα36, a splice variant of ERα, or the non-canonical G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER).