Exploring the Extent and Implications of Soil and Groundwater Contamination posed by Acid Mine Drainage in Coal Mining Areas in India with a Comprehensive Assessment and Case Study of Makum Coalfield

Abstract

India is the second-largest coal producer globally, meeting approximately 55% of its energy needs. However, coal extraction leads to the oxidation of sulfate-bearing rocks, generating Acid Mine Drainage (AMD), which contaminates soil and water in coalfield regions. This byproduct poses significant environmental challenges due to its high acidity and toxic elements (TEs). Despite existing literature on contamination levels, there is a notable lack of assessments regarding source identification and potential long-term health risks. To address this gap, the present study conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, collecting soil and groundwater data from various coal mining regions. Additionally, a case study of a high-sulfur coalfield was performed. Soil samples were collected near AMD ponds and analyzed for contamination using pollution indices, health risk assessments, and predictions of metal accumulations. Groundwater samples from nearby villages were examined for physico-chemical parameters, covering aspects such as Water Quality Index (WQI), groundwater chemistry mechanisms, irrigation suitability, metal toxicity, and health risks.