Rajasekhar, Ravula2024-12-052024-12-052023ROLL NO.166152107https://gyan.iitg.ac.in/handle/123456789/2698Supervisors: Bhabak, Krishna Pada and Mandal, Tapas KumarWater is one of the most important substances on Earth and is essential for all forms of life. It covers about 71% of the Earth's surface and about 60% of the human body. Water is essential for human survival and the environment. It is getting polluted because of the contaminants such as heavy metals etc., and because of this human health and the environment is getting worse day by day. This raises the need for the detection of heavy metals in aquatic water for several detections are available that can broadly classify into two broad categories. Namely laboratory methods and portable methods. Laboratory methods are generally more expensive and time-consuming and require specialized equipment and trained personnel; on the other hand, portable methods are more user-friendly and accessible to non-specialists, allowing for on-site testing of water samples; less expensive and faster but may have lower accuracy and precision. However, there is still a need to develop point-of-care test (POCT) devices and digital sensors that can monitor the water continuously and accurately and precisely detect contaminants in water, eatable and drinkable items accurately and precisely.enThesis